Definition of a Phase Diagram

Definition of a Phase Diagram Definition: For a given substance, it is possible to make a phase diagram which outlines the changes in phase (see image to the right). Generally temperature is along the horizontal axis and pressure is along the vertical axis, although three-dimensional phase diagrams can also account for a volume axis. Curves representing the Fusion curve (liquid/solid barrier, also known as freezing/melting), the Vaporization curve (liquid/vapor barrier, also known as evaporation/condensation), and the Sublimation curve (solid/vapor barrier)) can be seen in the diagram. The area near the origin is the Sublimation curve and it branches off to form the Fusion curve (which goes mostly upward) and the Vaporization curve (when goes mostly to the right). Along the curves, the substance would be in a state of phase equilibrium, balanced precariously between the two states on either side. The point at which all three curves meet is called the triple point. At this precise temperature and pressure, the substance will be in a state of equilibrium between the three states, and minor variations would cause it to shift between them. Finally, the point at which the Vaporization curve ends is called the critical point. The pressure at this point is called the critical pressure and the temperature at this point is the critical temperature. For pressures or temperatures (or both) above these values, essentially there is a blurry line between the liquid and gaseous states. Phase transitions between them do not take place, although the properties themselves can transition between those of liquids and those of gases. They just do not do so in a clear-cut transition, but metamorph gradually from one to another. For more on phase diagrams, including three-dimensional phase diagrams, see our article on states of matter. Also Known As: state diagram, change of phase diagram, change of state diagram

Scope Ratio When Anchoring

Scope Ratio When Anchoring Scope is a ratio of the length of an  anchor rode from the bit to the anchor shackle and the depth of the water under the bow of the boat measured from deck height. The anchor, shackle, rode, and bit are a few components of Ground Tackle used in anchoring a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹vessel. Or, if you like formulas: SL/D where L is the length of the anchor rode and D is depth under the bow. What is the Correct Scope? The correct scope depends on several variables, but there is no need to compute this exactly. Getting close is good enough in this case. First, it might be best to explain why we want a certain ratio of scope and what will happen if the ratio is much too large or much too small. Too small is much worse than too large when it comes to scope. Different types of anchors bite into the bottom in different ways, but all have the same property of digging in when they have pulled along at a low angle in relation to the bottom structure. This dragging is what secures the anchor to the bottom. If the water is 60 feet (18 M) deep and the anchor rode is 120 feet (36 M) then the scope is 2:1 and far too small. You see, when the boat drifts and pulls the anchor with this ratio of scope it will not drag smoothly and bite in. The result is the anchor being pulled from the bottom with each small wave and bouncing along leaving the vessel far from the intended position. If the scope is too large, the anchor will bite or set into position but the vessel will most likely surge and drift as forces act on it. In this case, we will use the same water depth of 60 feet (18 M) but increase the length of the rode to 600 feet (180 M). This gives us a scope of 10:1 which is not inappropriate if winds or currents are very strong but is not the best ratio for general anchoring. The scope that is best for keeping the anchor set and keeping tension on the anchor rode is around 7:1. If we plug our numbers into the formula a water depth of 60 feet (18 M) will require a rode of 420 feet (126 M). A scope of 7:1 will not pull the anchor free but it will maintain tension for a safe and comfortable stay in the anchorage. Areas with Strong Tidal Runs If you do find yourself in an area with a strong tidal run, like you may find in some hurricane holes, it will be necessary to reset the anchor rode scope. Tides of less than three or four meters can come and go as long as the sailor takes this change into account when setting the anchor. In a big tidal run of ten or more meters, its best to lay out a fore and aft anchor and be generous with the scope. Adjustments should always be made to prevent slack and avoid collision with other vessels or obstacles. In areas of hard rock or coral, care should be taken with the first thirty feet of rode which should be abrasion resistant Kevlar jacketed line or chain. Chain provides the best protection but it can cause sharp jolts in rough conditions although, in light waves, the weight of the chain will buffer some of the movement. Jacketed anchor rode is generally better because it is lighter and easier to handle plus it offers some shock absorbing properties that could add years of life to the deck and tying fixtures of your boat.

Collective bargaining Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Collective bargaining - Term Paper Example However, in the modern era of 21st century, he is well informed about his rights. Some researchers are of the view that, the legislation of collective bargaining has adversely affected the efficiency of the organization in America; because of this reason, China and other surrounding countries have a cost advantage due to their economical labor. On the other hand, human rights organizations played a prominent role in compelling US government to devise laws supporting employees’ rights. The major areas in which these laws apply are minimum wage rate, safety, and right to have emergency leave when required. This paper will analyze the level of practical application of these laws within American society. The four compulsory issues that should be resolved via process of collective bargaining are 1) Wage Rate 2) Holidays 3) Insurance 4) Performance Management. Following is the brief description of these components. Wage Rate Compensation should be disclosed by the management of the organization, in front of the chosen representatives of the labor union. At the same time, union leaders should accept these remunerations, prior to their implementation. Holidays The weekend comprising of two holidays is mandatory for any organization under US federal labor law. On the other hand, leaves should also be provided to employees in case of illness and emergency. The nature of these leaves should be decided through mutual consent between management and union leaders. Insurance Organizations are supposed to provide health and life insurance to their employees under labor act 1947. Nevertheless, employees have a right to forego this facility, in exchange to a higher pay. Timing Management and union are expected to decipher, the regular timings dedicated to organizational operations on daily basis, they must also decide the mechanism and level of compensation in case of over time. Performance Management Managers should also present a detailed mechanism of performance manage ment in front of the employees; on the other hand, the basis of promotion must be clarified prior to the employment. Literature Review This section is been dedicated to analyze existing literature on the topic of collective bargaining. The most important ingredient to foster, the process of collective bargaining is honesty (Adelhelm). Management must take some sober steps towards, facilitating the employees, through providing them a friendly working environment. At the same instance, the ability of the labor-law enforcement agencies, to implement the laws developed; to help employees to spend a smooth life is critical (Estlund). However, these practices are not implemented in an above-mentioned manner, because a new employee has to accept, the prevailing environment in the organization, therefore, there is a little opportunity for him to decide the terms of the employment. Nonetheless, these laws permit workers to halt working, over an issue of wage rate, with the management, but go vernment also gave the right to organizations, that they can replace their workforce, after paying numeration to these workers, according to the terms and conditions of employment contract (Singh and Jain). This observation illuminated the fact that organizations have the right to terminate troubling employees. Along with this, the biasness of law towards organizations is also highlighted, because legal environment blessed the commercial entities, with the power of eliminating employment of their

Applying Research in Practice Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying in Practice - Research Paper Example Evidence based research identifies practices for prevention and management of pressure ulcers that complement and support the institution’s recommendations. Continuous Bedside Pressure Mapping (CBPM) offers a basis for detecting pressures at different parts of a patient’s body and therefore helps to relocate the patient to offload pressure from the areas (Behrendt, Ghaznavi, Manhan, Craft, & Siddiqui, 2014). The authors established that CBPM reduces patients’ risk of developing pressure ulcers. In an experimental design, results reported 0.9 percent chance of developing pressure ulcers under CBPM and 4.8 percent chance without application of CBPM. The evidence identifies the guidelines’ objective for prevention and management of pressure ulcers but with inefficiency. While the guidelines identify need for repositioning in order to alleviate pressure, it fails to provide an approach for accurate determination of pressure levels for positioning. This means t hat according to the guidelines, positioning may be done when pressure is less than the threshold for causing or worsening pressure ulcers. Similarly, pressure at some point may exceed the threshold level but may not be detected for repositioning. The discrepancy between the guidelines and practice suggest inefficiency in prevention of pressure ulcers, under the guidelines, and this can be inferred to management. Nurses can resolve this by using technology to identify real time pressure at different points of a patient’s body. With such an approach, repositioning can be effective in preventing pressure ulcers and in offloading pressure from affected regions to facilitate recovery. In addition to accurate monitoring of pressure, nurses can also collaborate with physicians and surgeons to promote surgical intervention for management of pressure ulcers (Giaquinto-Cilliers, 2014). This can facilitate

Research Paper on Fun Things Essay Example for Free

Research Paper on Fun Things Essay For this assignment, you will compose a ten-page research paper on a great thinker chosen from the attached list. There are three components to this assignment. The first is that you will write about the major thought, idea, or system of belief for which the great thinker was known. Secondly, you will write about two or three ways in which the teachings of the great thinker influenced history. Thirdly, you will provide a thoughtful analysis of at least one idea touted by the great thinker. You will need to research and properly document eight to ten scholarly sources using the MLA standard for citation. In addition to writing the paper, you will be learning and implementing a way to organize your research and writing. You will receive two grades for this assignment: one for the final paper and one for the research and writing prep work. Research Component Research is an important skill for college students to learn and implement. When done well, research will help strengthen an argument, prove a point, verify facts, and explain with first-hand knowledge. At its most basic level, research is studying the works of experts in any given field. For instance, if I want to research heart surgery, I will locate experts in the field of cardiology and read what they say about the heart. In reading their works, which may consist of published studies, medical journal articles or medical books, or informative medical websites or blogs, I am presuming and appealing to their expert knowledge and skill in an area I know little or nothing about. In short, I’m reading and studying their work in order to learn. For your research paper, you will be appealing to the expert knowledge of a great thinker. You will research articles and/or books that were either written by the great thinker (we call this a primary source) or by someone who studied the great thinker (we call this a secondary source). For example, let’s say you are studying Jonathan Edwards (great puritan theologian). Were you to read and study his actual sermons, you would be researching a primary source. Were you to read and study what John Piper (present day pastor and avid Jonathan Edwards fan) has written about the theology of Jonathan Edwards, then you would be conducting secondary research. Both primary and secondary sources are very valuable when writing research papers. Usually primary research is considered to be the most reliable in that it is closest to the original (the idea originator, the eye-witness account, the photograph, etc†¦). A good research paper will be able to navigate both types of research and carefully integrate it appropriately. For the purposes of this assignment, you’ll be doing both because you’ll be concerned with what the great thinker actually taught and that will best be discovered by his or her actual writings, and you’ll be concerned with how his or her thoughts influenced history, which is most likely written by other scholars. In addition to conducting primary and secondary research, you’ll need to make sure that your sources are consider scholarly; that is, your sources come from people who have appropriate expertise in the field of you are studying. This will not be an issue with your primary sources because you will go straight to the source (i.e., you’ll study the writings or Marx or Lewis), but it will be more of an issue in secondary sources. How to tell if an article or book is considered scholarly or written by an authoritative expert in the field can be tricky, but here are a few rules: 1. Does the author have an educational background that would account for the knowledge in the article or book? 2. In the case of articles, is it published in a peer-reviewed journal? 3. Does the article or book offer analysis and critique of original sources or just give mere impressions or opinions? Another term I have mentioned in regards to research is MLA citation (Modern Language Association). MLA is a method of citation that is used primarily in the humanities that indicates the source of your research. Learning MLA citation rules takes time and lots of effort, but it is a necessary part of conducting and writing a well-researched paper. For this assignment, you’ll need at least eight scholarly sources that may include journal articles or books but may NOT include websites. There will be in-class lectures that will teach you where to locate scholarly resources and how to properly keep track and cite them. As I see it, there are two major avenues of research for this paper: the first is research involving the actual ideas of the great thinker. The second is research involving the analysis of the thinker’s ideas. Content of Research Paper As mentioned in the assignment overview, there are two components to this research paper. The first is that you will research the major idea or set of ideas for which the great thinker was known. This will be the first section of the research paper and will include a thorough explanation of the great thinker’s idea or ideas and he or she came to belief or think in such a way. The second section of the paper will include a discussion on two or three of the major ways the great thinker’s ideas influenced history. The third section is where you provide thoughtful analysis about at least one of the great thinker’s ideas. This is not, necessarily, an argument, but rather it is an opportunity for you to break down the idea and comment on it yourself. Although I’m more interested in your analysis, it may help to research how others have analyzed and critiqued your great thinker’s ideas. In this section you may 1. Critique the thinker’s idea 2. Break down the thinker’s ideas and provide additional clarification or implication 3. Show how different scholars have viewed or interpreted the great thinker’s ideas and whether agree or disagree 4. Show why the thinker’s ideas produced negative or positive effects on society, theology, history, etc. 5. Any combination of the above. Please note that I do not wanting you to write a biography; that is, I do not want detailed discussion on the great thinker’s family history, marriage, hobbies, physical appearance, personal health, friends, etc. unless is it absolutely pertinent to his or her intellectual contribution. Paper Organization Each of you will be required to create an outline for your paper and turn it in as part of the assignment. Additionally, you will be required to keep track of all research and turn in your research notes. Research Organization I will require you to keep track of your sources through Microsoft One Note or Word, whichever works best for you. For every source you look at, you’ll need to record the following information: 1. Source Title- title of the article or book 2. Source Location-book, ebook with web address, journal article with web address 3. Source Citation- MLA citation as it would appear in your works cited page 4. What-what information are you using from the source. If it is short, type it here. If it is a chapter or large section, write down the major idea or some key words and the necessary information to find it in your source easily (page or section numbers, headings, etc.). 5. Plan- how you plan on using the information You will have at least eight records with the above information, although it is much more likely you’ll have more and may not use all sources in the actual writing of the paper. That is okay. Note: Make sure you accurately record information for every source because you won’t remember. Grading Criteria: Each paper will be graded on the following: 1. Accurate, detailed, and thoughtful discussion and analysis of the great thinker’s ideas 2. Coherent, fluid prose 3. Accurate implementation of MLA citation 4. Integration of scholarly sources 5. Proper adherence to Standard English grammar and style 6. Proper adherence to page length and formatting guidelines

Student :: essays research papers

OF MICE AND MEN A novel by John Steinbeck Two Youngs, George e Lennie were going to Soledad to work in a farm. The two mans were friends for a lot of time. Lennie wasn’t sane, but he was a good guy and a strong worker: George looked after him. They were fleeing from an other farm in Weed, where Lennie caused umpteenth trouble because of the strange manias of Lennie who liked touching everything soft: he touched the dress of a girl who thought he wanted to maltreat her. Lennie and George had a dream: an own farm where they can do everything that they want to. In the new farm they knew the other worker and the con of the owner, Curley, a typical picker of quarrels: he was neurotic for his stature and Lennie was high. Soon they knew his wife too who, unhappy for her marriage, wandered around the farm to speak with someone on the sly and for her habit she didn’t have a good reputation. Candy, a worker of the farm, knew the projects of the two Youngs and he asked them if he had been able to join them because he had some money for the indemnity of an incident on work. George, Candy and Lennie made a pact and they foresaw that by a month they would have had their farm. Lennie liked touching the soft things and he spent a lot of time stroking some little dogs. A day, when he was in the stable where there were the dogs, while other people were playing in a different part of the farm, came into the room Curley’s wife who didn’t know Lennie’s character. Lennie told her about his pleasure in touching soft things and her let him to caress her hear. The man was seizing her by hear brutally. She was howling. He shook her accidentally, he broke her neck and she died.

Analysis of Passion Diptychs

The front surface has three registers with ‘each crowned by a cusped arcade with five hanging capitals and six recreated apertures' which ‘means that the enter of each composition is aligns with a capital'. The first direct visual impression left on a beholder is that the diptych is a representation of an ordered chaos. It Is ordered because It Is systematically divided Into three registers on each wing with each register having six recreated apertures equidistant from each other and symmetric.On the contrary, it seems chaotic because unlike some other passion diptychs, each individual registers are not bordered inside (or split according to the number of apertures) to explicitly show different scenes. Instead, in most registers in his diptych, different scenes are interposed which makes an interesting narrative and, comparatively, leads to a chaotic On a good way) display In an otherwise neatly bordered and systematic diptych.This type of representation, In each composit ion, also portrays a lively sense of movement to the traditional scenes which are otherwise portrayed in an iconic style. This diptych is read left to right across the wings and from the top to the bottom without changing directions. Although it is of a ‘normal' directional impulse, the implications of reading the scenes horizontally sakes It easier and provides a potential to understand and meditate on horizontal and vertical relationships between registers.Interestingly, an absence of Interior dividers not only provides more space and therefore, more creatively but also leads to an increased scope to form thematic relationships between registers without confusion. The first register is a rather unusual start to a Passion diptych because most of them usually start with the ‘Entry Into Jerusalem' or an event that Is directly related to the death of Christ. However, both, this diptych and the â€Å"Abbreviated Passion Diptych† egging with the Resurrection of Lazaru s (fig. 1). Both the diptychs have Mary and Martha thanking Jesus for what he's done.In the Dormouse diptych, a disciple or onlooker can be seen scratching his head in bewilderment and amazed at the fact that Lazarus has resurrected. Lazarus is half out of the tomb that held him holding the cloak of Jesus, who is compassionately looking at him while Lazarus does look tired as If woken up from an unfinished sleep. This section of the first register stimulates trust and dependency because Jesus, although he's Ralston someone from he dead, is calm but also compassionate which agrees to the fact that ‘He loved Him' and shows His humanity.The next scene in the first register is the ‘Entry to Jerusalem' where a person can be seen laying down his cloak and the people ‘on the wall', which denotes people in the city watch excitedly for the entry of their Savior. Interestingly, the scale of Jesus and his disciples, and the other half- the people and larger than the people ha iling his entry. Noticeably, Jesus head is held high, Just as a king nobly receives the respect he is due while he also greets them and accepts their joyous praise.However, this is a sharp contrast from the previous scene – The raising of Lazarus – which is relatively melancholy and calm, suddenly turning to erupting praise which provides an interesting twist in the prayer of the beholder. Continuing on, the next register shows the Washing of the Apostles' Feet' . At this instant, Jesus is probably talking to Simon Peter, as is recorded in the gospel of account of John in which he is initially taken aback and refused to have his foot washed by Jesus but when Jesus insists and gives his reasoning, Peter agrees to it.The mood is very ember and to a degree, awkward, as Jesus is doing something very unexpected of a leader. Incidentally, In stark contrast to the ‘Entry to Jerusalem', where Jesus is being ushered and hailed as King with his head held high, in this scen e, Jesus' head is tilted down, and he is missing his outer garment – his cloak. In this scene, Jesus is kneeling down before his disciples, humbling himself before them and washing the dirt of their feet. To the beholder, this reminds him of the nature of Jesus, that he being God and master of the apostles, humbled himself to wash their feet.A viewer s reminded and encouraged in the fact that if Jesus showed that the way of the kingdom is serving, then he too, must serve willingly. Furthermore, unlike the previous scene where Jesus is a ‘head above' the disciples, in this register, he is placed at the same height showing that he humbled himself to their level. The third register is the event of ‘The Last Supper' which consists of two scenes : Firstly, Jesus foretelling that one of them would betray him. He is seen dipping the bread at the same time as Judas, his betrayer (Matthew 26:23). Secondly, Peter is seen leaning onJesus' breast as He breaks it to him that h e will be betrayed and in the process, be denied by Him three times. Here, ten of the disciples seem a bit merry as they enjoy a feast with Jesus. However, Judas looks at Jesus with a mix of guilt and deceitfulness while Peter has his eyes closed, visibly sad that his master is going to be betrayed and that he would deny him three times in the process. The diptych continues onto the ‘Agony in the Garden' at Statement where Jesus is praying, fearing for the punishment that he will bear, while his disciples sleep.The three disciples in front' of him are Peter, James and John while the other eight are ‘behind' Jesus. The trees are curved in order to use the available space and is shown in a smaller scale to the disciples and Jesus creating a background that helps imply that they are in a garden. This scene shows the humanity of Jesus; where he is looking up towards heaven, with his arms raised, wide awake, asking for help as he is visibly troubled. Interestingly, there is a contrast between this register and the previous one.Unlike the last supper, he disciples here are asleep and hence, to a degree, the mood is a bit dull and dreary. However, for Jesus, it is a tense night as He gains his strength from the Father. This encourages a beholder to find His strength in God through prayer when from all around support is waning, lacking or even absent. Onwards, the next register, ‘The Betrayal of Jesus' shows three scenes simultaneously with Jesus presented only one time, making an interesting Juxtaposition of various scenes in one register.In the background are two soldiers who are of a slightly lower height which ivies a more realistic sense of scale to the whole composition. Peter looks on with and Jesus has rebuked him for that act. The disciple next to Simon Peter is seen as restraining him to attack anyone else. Furthermore, the betrayer, Judas Chariot leans in to kiss Jesus while Jesus tilts his head downwards to receive the kiss. Jesus looks a t him disappointedly while Judas looks with guilt and remorse as he slowly comes to the fact that he is betraying his master and God.At the same instance, Jesus is healing Mulches who is shown writhing in pain. Onto the next scene in the same sister, Judas Chariot, overcome by his guilt hangs himself on a tree, naked, with his intestines and innards coming out. There is a burst of activity in this diptych as there are a lot of intense activities occurring simultaneously. If the previous register was tense because Jesus was apprehensive of the wrath He would take on, the scenes in this register are even tenser with almost a deceptive calmness that Jesus shows in every composition.Incidentally, this diptych has no scene representing the flagellation of Christ or the trying of Him at a counsel and goes straight ahead, after he betrayal, to the crucifixion of Jesus. In the register containing the crucifixion, two major scenes occur simultaneously. Firstly, Mary is swooning and is suppor ted by women who have come to see of her son. Secondly, a dead Jesus, flanked by Longings, the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus' side, with his spear leaning on his far shoulder, on the left side, who is convinced of his deity and on the right, Stephan, who offered Jesus sour wine to abate his pain.The soldiers flanking him and the women on the left mourn his death radiating sorrow. Moreover, this composition, in n observer, invokes a feeling of gratitude on meditation. Gratitude, because of the humanity of Jesus, who suffered a horrendous death and took on God's wrath so that all could be redeemed by God through Christ. It also stimulates praise and love when one imagines the degree of humility that Jesus underwent to do what He did on the cross. Interestingly, comparing the bottom two registers, Judas is similar to Jesus hanging on a cross as both have their heads slumped to the left.However, Chrism's torso is bare but his abdomen and loins are covered while Judas' torso is covered while his abdomen and loins are bare. Additionally, Judas' hands are turned out which is similar to the orientation of the hands of Mary, who is despairing, too. Similarly, there exists another diptych, the ‘Passion diptych in three registers (135()-75)' which in form is different from the Dormouse diptych as it has five apertures. Apart from the form of the diptych, this passion diptych varies a lot in terms of expression from the Dormouse diptych. The Dormouse diptych contains a range of emotions and passions.From somberness to Joyous rapture to an awkward tuition – it has it all. However, the ‘Passion diptych in three registers' mostly continues along without much changes in individual expressions of horror or happiness, of Joy or sadness. Additionally, unlike the Dormouse diptych, this diptych doesn't have the cruciform halo and doesn't contain scenes such as the ‘Raising of Lazarus' and ‘The Hanging of Judas'. Furthermore, this diptych also lacks difference in scale and precise proportions that distinguishes itself between a good and great diptych.For example, in the last register, the swooning Virgin is seen as tender, restfully falling into the hands of the women supporting her. However, in this Passion diptych, it seems like she's standing with her eyes closed. In conclusion, the Dormouse diptych is a wonderful piece of gothic ivory that is unrivalled not only each composition provides and produces and how the visual complexity of this diptych make the study of its images rewarding. ‘ Bibliography Lowdown, John, and John Cherry, Medieval Ivories and Works of Art: The Thomson Collection at the Art Gallery of Ontario. British Columbia: Skillet Publishing, 2008

Advertising Informs to Our Benefit Essay

The two articles â€Å"You’re soaking in it† by Pozner, and â€Å"How Advertising Informs to our Benefit† by Calfee, offer two very different takes on the effects of advertising. Pozner claims that movies and TV shows have become a new medium for companies to present their ads. She goes on saying how these companies exploit their audiences by portraying a fictional society. Although she is very critical, I agree with her, that ads such as Nike sneaker one saying how our product will always be there and at the same time never judge you. I feel this is a very common tactic in the ad business and can sometimes remove consumers from reality. Furthermore she is very critical of relationships portrayed in today’s ads. I agree that ads predominately focused on using strictly sex appeal and unemotional bonds between the models can provide its viewers with misconceptions that over time are actually accepted to be true. This problem is one she takes very seriously to be harming our children. Speaking from a feminist’s perspective she deals predominantly with the effects on women and whenever she touches on men, it is only to describe how they are damaging women. On the contrary, Calfee presents a positive light on the world of advertising. While its clear that companies number one goal is to make money, the way in which the ads are constructed can be beneficial to consumers. By describing effects that products offer, consumers in a sense become educated on the product. I like how Calfee mentions the transition taken place within ads. More than ever, companies are moving from describing the positives to why their product is â€Å"less-bad† than their competitors. This results in open knowledge describing the harmful effects of the product. Furthermore the back and forth competition between companies will lead to lower prices for consumers.

Britain and the EU Essay Example

Britain and the EU Essay Example Britain and the EU Essay Britain and the EU Essay Assignment 1: 1. In 1957 the EU was fashioned to elevate the living standards of its members by encouraging peace, democracy and equality for the countries that had joined the partnership. Its aims were to end war and repair the division of the European continent. It has become a unique economic and political partnership consisting of 27 European countries with around 500 million inhabitants (see figure 1 in appendix). This map shows the 27 (coloured) EU countries (Grey countries are candidates) It was not until 1973, the EU’s first enlargement, that the UK became involved on account of the then Prime Minister, Edward Heath. The UK did not join the EU from the start as it chose to stay with a rival group called the European Free Trade Area. It wasn’t until the 1950’s that it became apparent the living standards of France and Germany surpassed those of the British and their Government (under Macmillan). Additionally, French president Charles De Gaulle vetoed their first application (1963) considering the UK as inappropriate candidates – not a good asset and a liability to the union. Despite the assistance it provided other countries during the war and its eventual success, Britain suffered post-World War II with stunted economic growth, high inflation and poor industrial relations; her position in the hierarchy of the world had dropped and it was a difficult matter to cope with. The empire was falling and so was its trade. Also, the US encouraged the UK to join, due to fears of France trying to take control of Europe, in attempt to balance out the power struggle. It was Edward Heath’s opinion that due to its economic and political ills Britain would benefit from joining the EU; economically to increase trade and politically to form unity and stability for the failing empire. British membership was sealed by a referendum in its favour held in 1975. The general advantages of its membership include Free movement of goods and capital with other EU countries, without boundaries or border controls. A circuit of diverse and new goods (through international trade) and equipment, skills, services and workforce/people – more workers results in a boost in tax revenue. If more jobs are available people will be contributing in taxes rather than extracting with benefits. Ease in the exportation of goods leading to a more competitive market and reduced prices for consumers. An increase in population helps domestic demands – more products bought, more services needed. Disadvantages of joining EU UK cannot afford increase in populati on – heavy demand on schools, NHS and benefits. Influx of immigrants leads to high competition for jobs, fewer jobs for British, more people requiring benefits, impact on UK residents – squeezing funds. Tax increases to fund extra services needed. Exchange rates can influence the balance of payments negatively. Free movement of labour could weaken the economy. Loss of independence. Draining of resources. Since joining the EU the UK’s trading market has suffered a deficit. Overall trade post-1984 has been substandard. Benefits of international trade not shared equally. Outsourcing. Workers and services bought overseas for lower cost meaning UK suffers/loses trade. The balance of payments is the record and measurement of payments and transactions between one country and the rest of the world. It includes imports and exports of goods (visibles) and services (invisibles), tracks the flow and balance of finances ranging from dividends and interest to investment, loans, transfers and trade credit, and the transactions and transfer of capital. These are categorised into three accounts: current, capital and financial. The UK’s gross domestic product rose by 0. 5% in 2011, a rise following two consecutive quarters of negative GDP said to be the oot of the recession. Surplus is when the production of goods or services exceeds the consumption or when goods are in excess of their requirement. A deficit is a deficiency in amount, for example when a company, government or individual’s spending exceeds its income. Long-term deficits stack up huge debts that will have to be paid off eventually causing problems for future generations. Debts must be paid off ideally money would be earned from exportation however sometimes this is not possible and the country will have to borrow or invest to reach repayments. A good example of the result of a long-term deficit is Greece – currently have no advantage in trade of visible goods, their advantage in tourism is not enough to cover their arrears so at first money can be borrowed to make up the difference but then as the loans escalate Greece has to default on its loans knowing they can never repay the money. A rescue plan is now being debated. The largest surpluses in UK trade 2004 were with USA at ? 17. 1 billion. The largest deficit recorded was Germany at ? 12. 3 billion and France (explored later) at ? 3. 2 billion. A country’s wealth is affected by international trade, which is important because of an introduction of new resources, greater efficiency due to competition, greater choice for consumers, greater output through comparative or absolute advantage, specialisation and division of labour. An absolute advantage is when a country is superior at producing a good or service and can make equal or more goods at a lower cost or with fewer resources. Alternatively, a country may have the absolute disadvantage and be totally inefficient at producing anything in comparison to its trading partners. A comparative advantage is when a country specialises in a good or service that it is least inefficient at when compared with producing other goods or services. UK’s absolute advantage is in financial services with a 70% growth it is the UK’s biggest area of exports. International trade is necessary as a business will eventually ‘hit the ceiling’ and simply cannot expand any further in one country. The gains, and sometimes losses, distributed to trading countries are indicated by the terms of trade. It can be defined as a ratio of the country’s average price of exports to the country’s average price of imports. Ideally the price of exports would be greater than the price of its imports, this is known as movement in a ‘favourable direction’. The terms of trade depend upon the global demand and supply of goods. A fall in the price of a product exported by a country can cause a balance of payment deficit, especially when the foreign exchange earned in its exports is used to pay for its imports. Generally over the past 20 years the UK’s terms of trade have been improving, meaning export prices have risen relative to import prices. This is partly due to the fact globalisation has had less impact on export prices of UK invisibles compared to the price of its visible imports. The exchange rate, or rate one currency can be converted into another is constantly changing due to many factors including interest and inflation and the political and economic state of the country in question. A business will want payment in the currency of its country so if the value of the pound falls (meaning less euro for every pound) the UK importer will end up paying more a negative impact on the UK’s finances. The British pound to euro exchange rate on 31/12/09 was 1 GBP = 1. 2 EURO. As of 3/11/11 it stands at 1 GBP = 1. 16 Euro the increase signifies a current benefit to the UK (exchangerates. org. uk). China currently keeps its exchange rate low to have a positive effect on its balance of payments. Generally since 1990 the UK has suffered with a deficit in its balance of visible trade. The figures from The Pink Book show th at in 2004 the UK’s deficit increased to a record ? 58. 6 billion due to a rise of 1 ? % in the value of exports compared to a rise of 5 ? % in the value of imports compounded by a higher ratio of imports to exports. The whole world suffered, with a 2? % increase in exports and a 9? increase in imports in non- EU countries so although the UK had a deficit it was sheltered from extreme rises experienced outside the EU, â€Å"The deficit with non-EU countries widened from ? 22. 0 billion in 2003 to a record ? 29. 5 billion in 2004, the deficit with EU countries widened from ? 25. 8 billion in 2003 to a record ? 29. 2 billion in 2004. † The deficit on goods is far bigger than the surplus on services resulting in an overall decrease on the current trade. The fall of the value of exports in the EU was partly caused by the crackdown on MTIC fraud (businesses wrongfully buying goods VAT free) by UK Revenue and customs. Overall between 1981–2001 export volumes increased. However a decline in economic activity abroad caused the growth in exports to slow during 1991- 1993. By 2004, import volumes had risen significantly more than export volume. A 50% increase in the price of crude oil in 1999, which elevated to 70% in 2000 (The Pink Book 2005 p39) had a huge impact on the UK with both imports and exports due to its ongoing effect on the price of manufacture and distribution of goods. Until 1996 there had been a surplus in the export of crude oil. By 1998, following problems in the North Sea reducing production levels; the surplus had been reduced by ? 5. 0 billion. The figures yo-yoed for the following several years and although there was still a surplus it was significantly reduced with drops in the export of crude oil and an increase on imports. Looking at trade in goods other than oil during 1992 and 1999 there was a steady surplus but there has been a considerable deficit thereafter. In the past decade trade in motor-cars, and other consumer and intermediate goods has been in deficit even though from 1994 – 2004 import in motor- cars has risen; this is visible trade. Figure 2. 6 in the pink book illustrates that the balance of imports (visible trade) were considerably higher than exports (invisible trade), both of which are rising, imports more rapidly than exports, creating an overall growing deficit. As indicated by preceding figures it seems the EU has protected the UK. The deficit in this country has not been as bad as that outside the EU even though trade has worsened since 1984 and our deficit is due to joining the EU. The UK’s absolute disadvantage lies in travel and tourism as people go out of the UK for a holiday. The idea of having one common currency, the Euro, was to evade exchange, interest and trading tariff rates, to have shared monetary policies (including costs of goods and wage rates) and to ease trading in general. With several different currencies things were too intricate and complicated; one currency would eliminate these problems. The UK opted out of joining the euro from the beginning and although the subject is still under debate it looks unlikely that the UK will adopt the Euro. The UK would have to answer to the European Central Bank and lose any monetary control. It is the opinion of some that this would create further economic crises. Greece with its current financial issues blames the Euro and wishes to return to the drachma. 2. The EU has increased from 15 countries to 27. 17 of which have adopted the euro. Currently there are talks about further enlargement of the EU. There is no evidence that the enlargement has helped Britain however we have benefited from cheap labour and great opportunities to UK business and consumers. However this has also been a drawback to UK residents during the recession as jobs were lost as it was much cheaper to take the labour abroad. One of the benefits is foreign direct investment; an example of this is Toyota. Once the company had broken through and cracked the EU market it became the world’s most profitable and second largest manufacturer of automobiles. Examples of businesses that have successfully expanded to France include; BP, ICI, Zeneca, Glaxo-Wellcome, Barclays, RMC, Abbey National and The Woolwich. Some say the EU is ill equipped to deal with its rapid growth being unable to offer sufficient jobs subsequently giving too much away regarding healthcare and benefits. The diversity of the EU in regards to economies, cultures, languages and demographics will get too complicated and global powers will clash. The EU has been accused of being greedy, focusing on size rather than economy, allowing weak states with low GDP growth to become members. The UK has lost most of its manufacturing industry, a recent example is Bombardier who cut more than 1,400 jobs as the last train manufacturing plant in Derby failed to secure a deal which was won by Germany. The UK is not competitive in the industrial market, which is not good for the British economy. The contributions to the EU from the UK are high and some feel it is unbalanced. Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher fought to reduce inflation and increase the amount the UK received by the EU in comparison to its contributions. An enlargement could mean that more countries are going to have to be subsidised by the UK. Advantages of an enlargement lie strongly in unification of states. Being more than a redistribution of wealth, it is a politically, economically and culturally diverse union. Intended to be equal and balanced with an understanding of common good it is a strong way to fight terrorism, in addition to the increased availability of goods to trade freely. Word count: 2,243 3. The Steeple analysis (see appendix figure 2) identifies the current business environment in France. 4. My action plan (see appendix figure 3) examines ways in which a business, using the example of Marks and Spencer, needs to adapt to be successful in France. Appendix Figure 1. Member States of the EU (year of entry) [pic]Austria (1995) |[pic]Latvia (2004) | |[pic]Belgium (1952) |[pic]Lithuania (2004) | |[pic]Bulgaria (2007) |[pic]Luxembourg (1952) | |[pic]Cyprus (2004) |[pic]Malta (2004) | |[pic]Czech Republic (2004) |[pic]Netherlands (1952) | |[pic]Denmark (1973) |[pic]Poland (2004) | |[pic]Estonia (2004) |[pic]Portugal (1986) | |[pic]Finland (1995) |[pic]Romania (2007) | |[pic]France (1952) |[pic]Slovakia (2004) | |[pic]Germany (1952) |[pic]Slovenia (2004) | |[pic]Greece (1981) |[pic]S pain (1986) | |[pic]Hungary (2004) |[pic]Sweden (1995) | |[pic]Ireland (1973) |[pic]United Kingdom (1973) | |[pic]Italy (1952) | | Figure 2. Steeple analysis effecting business in France Social / Demographic |Current population at 2011 stands at 62, 448, 977 | | |20th most populous country in the world in 2003 the natural birth rate of France was responsible for almost all the population| | |growth in the EU. Exploredia. France Population (2011) [online] http://exploredia. com/france-population-2011/ [accessed 3 | | |November 2011] | | | Continuous population growth – 12. 29 births/1,000 population compared to 8. 76 deaths/1,000 population | | |64. 7% of population according to the CIA world fact book (2011) is ranged between 15-64 slightly more males than females 18. 5%| | |are aged 0 – 14 years old again more males than females. 16. % of population is 65 years old + and is the only age range that | | |has more females than males | | |Unemployment stands at 9. 814% Economy Watch Content (2010) France Economy. [online] | | | economywatch. com/world_economy/france/ [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |Employment percentages rank highest in services (71. 8%), industry (24. 3%) then agriculture (3. 8%) | | |Low migration levels 1. 6 migrants/1,000 population | | |Welcomes at least 75 million foreign tourists with Paris as the world’s number one tourist destination. | | |Etiquette and approach to business is more formal than that in the UK however it is important to be polite and welcoming, UK | | |retail staff are more standoffish than those in France. | | |French companies are committed to keeping French culture, or la Patrimoine, taking pride in the products and services they | | |produce and turning over a profit for their shareholders. | |Attitudes to work are more laid back than in the UK, they are more for living life, working only what is necessary, According | | |to the French book, Bonjour Paresse (Hello Laziness), | | |a company can fire you at anytime, you dont owe them any more than the bare minimum in terms of work and devotion. They are | | |nonchalant about time keeping and punctuality. How to understand French culture. EHow contributor. [online] | | | ehow. com/how_2085611_understand-french-attitudes-towards-work. tml#ixzz1cfGP4jjJ [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |Abides by EU standards in terms of minimum wage, qualifications, product testing | | |Language barriers- the French are very proud of their culture and language signs information etc tends to be in French. Often | | |English films and cinema is dubbed. | |Technological |France is a leading exporter in nuclear technology Encylopedia of the nations. (2008) France – Science and Technology [online]| | | nationsencyclopedia. com/Europe/France-SCIENCE-AND-TECHNOLOGY. html [accessed 3 November 2011] | | | Pioneers in the development of high speed transportation systems such as the Concorde and the TGV high speed train | | |Industry includes electronic and automobile products. | |Agriculture made up 2. 1 percent of GDP, while industries contributed 19 percent, 78. 9 percent came from the service sector. | | |(economy watch) | | |High tax subsidy rate to businesses for research and development | | |Large share of research and development expenditure on defence France – center for local development (2011) France. [online] | | | cgdev. rg/section/initiatives/_active/cdi/_country/france [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |Second most developed market for logistics outsourcing in Europe | | |Channel tunnel links UK to France which is high speed and convenient for logistical purposes. | |Economical |France economy is found to be one among the top ten economies over the world in terms of its value of Gross Domestic Product | | |at $2. 555 trillion in 2010. | | |Hosts more than 22,000 forei gn companies. | | |Paris home to a large number of multinational HQs | | |Free market economy with a tendency for state intervention (capitalism). | |Elected officials key to business in country providing funding, state aid and infrastructure to attract businesses | | |The Global Competitive Index 2009-2010 reports favourably on France’s infrastructure as third best globally | | |The Global Competitive Index 2009-2010 reports adversely on labour market flexibility | | |GDP grew by 0. 3% in 2008 and contracted by about 2. 2% in 2009 compared to 4. 8% for UK | | |GDP per capita $33, 100 (2010 est. | | |Grants for industry and services are distributed by the DIACT | | |EU funding programmes include European Social Funding which is aimed at improving social and economical unity and equality by | | |concentrating on improving less-developed areas. Its aims are to increase job availability, quality of jobs and inclusiveness | | |of the labour market. 10% of the EUs spending is used on this type of funding. The Common Agriculture Policy grants payment | | |for crops and land. Its aims are to give farmers a good standard of living and ensure quality of food and fair prices to | | |consumers. Currently 48% of the EUs budget is used on this type of funding. | | |Taxes and other revenues are 48. 8% of GDP (2010 est. ) | | |France inflation rate in 2010 was 1. 64% but declined in 2011 to 1. 61%. | | |The EU is supplied by France for 25% of the total of agricultural products In 2010 France was the 6th largest exporter and 5th| | |largest importer of manufactured goods Economy Watch Content (2010) France Trade Imports and Exports [online] | | | economywatch. om/world_economy/france/export-import. html [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |High levels of FDI types of business, rose by 22 per cent last year, making it the most successful European country at | | |attracting overseas companies. Integrated Financial Services (2011) (FDI) in France [online] | | | ifs. ie/news-articles-and-information-archive/38-fdi-in-france. html [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |The UK sterling to euro foreign exchange rate is currently (GBP/EUR) 1. 6 | |Environmental |An introduction of carbon tax to sup port environment agendas | | |High oil prices and inadequacy of domestic supply creates a current high trade deficit | | |Weather – cool winters and mild summers, hot summers more predominant on the Mediterranean coast | | |Natural hazards; flooding, avalanches, midwinter windstorms, drought, forest fires in south near the Mediterranean | | |Some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, | | |agricultural runoff | | |Low greenhouse gas emissions per capita | |Political |Nicolas Sarkozy elected on a reform agenda – tasked to free French government from its admin burden | | |Aims to increase medium-term growth rate from 2% 3% | | | Aims to achieve full employment by 2012 (with an unemployment rate of 5% at 2010 it was 9. % ongoing affects of the | | |recession) | | |For the sale of goods, or the provision of furnished lettings, a Micro-BIC (Benefices Industriels et Commerciaux) applies, | | |whereby if gross income is less than â‚ ¬81,500 a flat 71% of income is deducted leaving only 29% to be taxed. Angloinfo. (2011) | | |French Income Tax [online] http://riviera. angloinfo. com/countries/france/intax. asp [accessed 3 November 2011] | | |The government also renounced some of its reform efforts, which ultimately led to a reduction of the GDP by 0. 7% | | |France still has one of the highest tax systems in all of Europe. |Legal |Reforms in labour laws such as Sunday trading – emergency services and police and stores selling perishable goods are | | |authorized to open Sundays otherwise regarded as a day of rest, working hours extending the 35 hour week allowing employees to| | |work overtime, business tax and research and development tax credit. | |Ethical |Faith, ethnicity, sexual orientation and religion must not influence companies or institutions. | Figure 3. A business plan to be successful in France |Aims |Action |Results | |â€Å"Make what we sell† approach |This will be achieved by employing a French agent or distributor who will know and |High tourism figures would | | |understand the culture and attitudes towards retail and services. Advice regarding |mean that UK travellers would | |Have to appeal to the French |attitudes to staff and the appropriateness of self-service checkouts – may not be |feel comfortable shopping | |market – this includes French |favourable here as the French are more formal (steeple analysis). Fully serviced changing |abroad. Eventually MS would | |cuisine and fashion. Perhaps |rooms, which were not a priority originally. Stores should consider French signage and |become a worldwide-recognised | |introducing an equivalent to |labelling (steeple analysis). Taking all this into account franchising would be a route to|brand. | |the UK’s â€Å"Per Una† range, |take. | | |which fulfils

How to make a great impression in less than 3 minutes

How to make a great impression  in less than 3 minutes We’ve all been in this unfortunate situation: you’re walking around at work or elsewhere and unexpectedly run into your boss or some other influential person in your life and you’re†¦completely speechless. You’re caught totally off-guard, your mind goes blank, and you can’t think of a single thing to do or say- and even worse, it’s obvious that you’re in full panic mode, which only makes things worse. It’s a total nightmare, only you’re not asleep. The only thing left to do after this happens is to just walk away licking your wounds, hoping that you’ll figure out some way to erase this moment from ever having happened- and good luck with that!Although you can’t magically erase awful past encounters, the good news is that you can do a lot to make sure that they don’t happen again! In fact, we’ll show you how to make a great impression in any encounter- in just a few minutes or less.Have we got your attention? Great- then keep reading.Plan in advance.It may sound silly to plan encounters in advance, but you’ll thank me later when you start making great impressions on everyone you encounter. Each day, while you’re getting ready in the morning, think of a few topics of conversation that you can keep â€Å"pre-loaded†- everything from local news to sports or the weather is fair game. A harmless (but funny!) joke or two couldn’t hurt either, as long as you avoid anything offensive. Have a few different pleasant conversation starters â€Å"in the can,† so you can pick and choose which you use based on your audience.As the day progresses, feel free to tailor your conversation starters based on events that occur. We know this might sound weird, but you’d be surprised by how many people take advantage of this strategy to ensure that the only impressions they make are positive ones. Use it and you won’t get caught flat-footed wit h nothing to say should you run into someone unexpectedly.Pay attention to your body language.When you’re seeking to make a great impression on someone, what you say isn’t the only thing that matters- how you say it is just as important. Are you confident, clear, and friendly or are you tentative, awkward, and eager to break contact as soon as possible? Is your voice steady or wavering? Do you stand confident and tall or do you shift nervously and slouch? Do you make the appropriate amount of eye contact- not too much but not too little (some experts say that 5 seconds is a good amount of â€Å"eye time† before looking away and returning)- or do you avoid it like a cold?All of these things make up your social body language, and will factor greatly in the overall impression others have of you during social encounters. So, take some time to practice and make sure your body language is in top shape. Here’s where a trusted friend or family member can help you with some valuable practice. Or, try using a mirror to brush up on your body language skills, giving yourself honest feedback. Trust us, this is time well spent.Present yourself as a polished package.With some great conversation starters and impeccable body language, you’re well on your way to making great impressions on others. But there are a few more things that factor into your â€Å"overall impression package.† This includes the extras- your clothes and grooming.Always be mindful of the extras when you step out of your front door- you never know who you’ll run into and no one ever got upset that they made too good of an impression by spending a little extra time dressing well and minding all the details of their grooming routine. This is especially true when you’re expecting to run into people that you really want to make a good impression on- like at work or on interviews.We know, in a perfect world it wouldn’t matter what you wear or how yo u look, but it’s not a perfect world and we all judge books by their covers, so make sure you’re always mindful of the extras if you want to make a good impression.Don’t forget the secret ingredient.Ok, so your conversation game is tight, you’ve been working on your body language, and your clothes and grooming are sharp- are you totally ready to make great impressions no matter what situations you encounter? Not so fast- you’re close, but there’s one more â€Å"secret ingredient† that we hope is not so secret to you when you’re looking to make good impressions- be a good listener!The truth is, this is an absolutely essential component if you’re looking to make a great first impression. In fact, utilizing the other strategies listed here without deploying good listening skills may completely backfire and make you seem phony, self-absorbed, or artificial.Good listening skills just takes a little practice. When talking with other people, really work to pay attention to what they’re saying. Show interest in a conversation by nodding and using appropriate facial expressions based on what’s being said (don’t smile and laugh if someone’s telling you about their cat’s broken leg!). You’ll earn extra bonus interest points if you ask questions about what they’re saying. Even better? Turn the focus of the conversation on what the other person is talking about. Who doesn’t feel special when their interests are placed at the center of attention? Bottom line: great listeners make great impressions and you can count on people looking forward to interacting with you again.You can start utilizing the strategies mentioned here immediately, and if you do it won’t take a lot of time to start making great impressions. In fact, even quick encounters that last just a few seconds or minutes will become easy opportunities to make positive, lasting impressions!

General Electric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

General Electric - Essay Example Understanding Groups Group is a collection of 2 or more individuals, who interact regularly, exert mutual influence and work in collusion with each other to achieve a common goal (Griffin & Moorehead, 2008). Purpose of a group forms its background and the process through which this is achieved makes it operational. Team is structured, requires coordinated interaction to reach the set goal and all the members stand responsible for its activities. A congregation of individuals qualifies to be called a group based on Kurt Lewin’s parameters, which specify that the members should interact, are interdependent, influence each other, the members feel belongingness, have a structure, work towards a common goal and are recognised as a group by others. Task and relationship-based interactions develop in groups, through which people connect and affect each other. Group Development Bruce Tuckman suggested 4 stages of group development, which consist of forming, storming, norming and perfo rming. Adjourning has been appended later (Griffin & Moorehead, 2008). a. Forming During this phase, individuals mingle with each other and communicate, in an attempt to arrive at their purpose of association. They assess their respective comfort zones. Leaders play a vital role in facilitating this understanding and walking them towards the next stage (Griffin & Moorehead, 2008). In this phase, as we have come from different departments and educational backgrounds, we questioned each other on the relevant details. We have also discussed the past work experience and project records of each of the members. This has helped us in gaining an understanding on the capabilities of every individual of the teams. As a leader, I saw that the team discussions at this phase are directed towards exploring each other, being polite, keeping the communication alive and coordinating them. These conversations created an idea on what would be the ideal roles for each of them within the team and we dec ided on them towards the end of the formation meeting. b. Storming Here, the members share their views, assemble with others sharing similar thoughts and socialise. Leader persuades them to open up and streamlines their ideas, differences etc towards the group goals (Griffin & Moorehead, 2008). This phase has been the challenging one, as the group members started to interact, the differences started to surface. The resource sharing and competition led to substantial friction. However, as a trained and experienced leader, I created the clarity on the jobs and responsibilities; the scope of every person in the team is highlighted. Thus, the importance of every member and his role is clearly understood even by the others and thus, the decision making powers and necessity of the resources to each of them is discussed. Further, the common goals of the team and the focus on productivity of the team, which is only possible through the concerted efforts of all the teammates is stressed. I h ad to support the views of some of the members of the team during such communication, which has planted a doubt in them that I am favoring those members, which was cleared in the due course as the actual work proved my support right. As the team members appreciate the roles and responsibili